Water Pollution

Surface waters

The natural water resources of the Earth. They are found on the exterior of the Earth’s crust and include:

• Oceans
• Rivers
• Lakes

These waters can become polluted in a number of ways, and this is called surface water pollution.

The location of this place is Nepal, India.

Chemical Pollution

• Water becomes polluted and poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and some of them may be in danger of extinction.
• Industrial and agricultural work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water and pollute it.

A boy walks barefoot in the wastewater discharge of a fabric dyeing factory

The location is Gurao, Guangdong.

Ground water 

• Humans often use aquifers as a means to obtain drinking water, and build wells to access it.
• Groundwater pollution is often caused by pesticide contamination from the soil, this can infect our drinking water and cause huge problems.

A spring in Clark County on Two Mile Creek, polluted with crude oil from a break in an oil pipeline.

The location is Kentucky, United States

Microbiological water pollution

• Microbiological water pollution is usually a natural form of water pollution caused by microorganisms.
• Microorganisms live in water and cause fish, land animals and humans to become ill.
• Diseases usually affect the health of people in poorer countries, as they do not have the facilities to treat polluted water.

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) Tuesday has revealed that 79% water sources of the functional Water Supply Schemes (WSS) in Northern and Central Punjab

The location is Punjab, Pakistan.

Reflection: Global Citizenship Workshop

Global citizen means someone who think they have responsibilities to protect or improve the world’s situations.

My personal help and harm

Help

• turn off the light when nobody uses it.
• pick up a trash.
• turn off the computer.

Harm

• playing computer game.
• buy cheap stuffs.
• fly by airplane.
• drink soda.

How to connect our class to yesterday’s workshop?

We can connect Global citizen and Sustainability. Those concept is to sustain the world’s resources as long as we can.

what are some teaspoons of changes that you wish to implement?

• I choose to take a bts and mrt instead of asking my mom to drive a car.
• I want to live close to school so I can come by walking.

Mr d’Arcy Lunn

Questions

– What did you observed the differences of educations between the countries you have been?

– What inspired you to decide to leave your hometown and travel around the world to teach people?

Water-Oxford book

Water

• Only 3% of water in the world is fresh water.
• can be transformed and transferred.
• using of water can be sustainable and unsustainable.

The Earth’s water budget.

• 70% of earth is covered by water.
• 3% is fresh water and 97% is salt water.
  • 69% of fresh water is in form of ice.
  • 30% is groundwater.
  • 0.3 is in river, lake, and swamp.
• Water can be seen as renewable source.

Ocean currents and energy distribution

• Cold water runs from pole to equator.
• Warm water runs from pole to equator.
• Ocean currents is due to the wind and earth rotation.

Ocean currents and climate

• Water has heat capacity more than land
• Water mass heat up and cool down slowly than land mass.
• Land near to sea has a mild climates, warm winter and cool summer for example.

Water as a critical resource.

• Only wealthy countries that are closed to the sea can convert salt water to fresh water because it cost a lot of money.
• Usable water isn’t enough to daily life and it can be polluted as well.
• Human uses fresh water for
  • Domestic water
  • Irrigation
  • Industry
  • Hydroelectric power generation
  • Transportation
  • Boundary marker between nation states
• WHO states that human should have access a minimum of 20 liters of fresh water per day.
• In the future, there will be a war over water.

Sustainability of freshwater resource usage

• Sustainable use of resource means resource is used at the same rate or slower than reformed rate.
• Surface freshwater is river, lake, and streams.
• Aquifers are filled continuously by infiltration and precipitation.
  • Water flow in is very slow because of soil layer.
  • Aquifers are used unsustainably.
• Population increases causes more usage of fresh water.
  • 2 problems are happened, water scarcity and water degradation.
  • Degradation means that quality of water gets worse and becomes more unstable.

Water facts

1. 10 million without water access in Developed Countries.
2. 32 millions without water access in Latin America and Caribbean.
3. 196 millions without water access in South, West, and Central Asia.
4. 200 millions without water access in Southeast, East Asia and Oceania.
5. 345 millions without water access in Africa.
6. 3.4 million people die each year from a water related disease.
   

   ---

Water

1. More people have a mobile phone than a toilet.
2. An American taking a five-minute shower uses more water than the average person in a developing country slum uses for an entire day.

---

Children

1. Every minute at least one child dies from diarrhea.
2. In 45 developing countries, women and children bear the primary responsibility for water collection in the majority of households.
3. Nearly 1.5 million children under the age of five die every year from diarrhea globally.

---

Disease

1. Only 10% of wasted water get treated.
2. Can be prevented by improving
   1. water supply
   2. sanitation
   3. hygiene 
   4. management of our water resources.

---

Economics

1. In developed countries, income is high and the cost of water is low.
2. In developing countries, income is low but cost of water is high.
3. People living in slum often pay 5-10 times more per liter of water than wealthy people living in the same city.

---

Sanitation

1. Three things that most of the world can’t do are
   1. Taking a hot shower
   2. Get a clean water from water tap
   3. flush away their poo.
2. Lack of sanitation is world’s leading cause of inflection.
3. Sanitation and proper hygiene are crucial to diarrhea prevention.
4. 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation; 1.1 billion still practice open defecation.

---

Woman

1. An estimated 200 million hours are spent each day globally collecting water.
2. Women and children in the developing world spend their day collecting water then return to their villages carrying their filled 40 pound jerry cans on their backs.

---

 

 

Measuring Abiotic Factors

Ecosystem can be divided into three types

1. Marine – The sea, estuaries, salt marshes and mangroves.
2. Freshwater – Rivers, lakes and wetlands.
3. Terrestrial – Land-based.

Abiotic factors of a marine ecosystem:

1. salinity
2. pH
3. temperature
4. dissolved oxygen
5. wave action.

Abiotic factors of a freshwater ecosystem

1. turbidity
2. flow velocity
3. pH
4. temperature
5. dissolved oxygen

Abiotic factors of a terrestrial ecosystem

1. temperature
2. light intensity
3. wind speed
4. particle size
5. slope/aspect
6. soil moisture
7. drainage
8. mineral content.

97% of salt water and 3% of fresh water

Evaluating measures for describing abiotic factors

Light

• can be measured by light-meter.

Temperature

• can be measured by electronic thermometer whether in air, water, or at different depths in soil.

pH

• can be measured by pH meter or datalogging pH.

Wind

• can be measured by observing the effects of wind on objects
• Speed can be measured with a digital anemometer.

Particle size

• determines drainage and water-holding capacity
• Large particles (pebbles) can be measured individually and the average particle size calculated.
• Smaller particles can be measured by using a sieve.
• The smallest particles can be separated by sedimentation.

Slope

• can be calculated using a clinometer.
• Aspect can be determined using a compass.

Soil moisture

• can be measured by weighing before and after heating the soil in the oven and see water evaporated and moisture level.

Mineral content

• cane be measure by heating up the soil in high temperatures (500–1000 °C) for several hours to allow volatile substances to escape.
• Mass loss is equated to the quantity of minerals present.

Flow velocity

• can be measured by timing how long it takes a floating object to travel a certain distance.
• can use flow-meter to be more accurate.

Salinity

• Salinity can be measured using electrical conductivity or by the density of the water
• Salinity is most often expressed as % ofsalt/1000% of water
• Sea water has an average salinity of 35 ppt (0.035%)

Dissolved oxygen

• can be measured by oxygen-sensitive electrodes.

Wave action

• can be measured using a dynamometer which measures the force in the waves.

Turbidity

• cloudy water has high turbidity
• clear water has low turbidity.
• Turbidity affects the penetration of sunlight into water.
• can be measured using a Secchi disc.

Inspirational Quote: Water

Water

Earth’s water budget

• 2.5% is fresh water.
• Around 70% is in the form of ice caps and glaciers.
• Around 30% is groundwater.
• The rest is made up of lakes, soil water, atmospheric water vapour, rivers and biota.
• We have direct access on water around 0.3 per cent of the total.
• Hydrosphere is the name of all forms of water.

Turnover time is time for water to replace itself in system.

groundwater is a non-renewable resource.

The sustainability of freshwater resource usage

• Sustainable use
  • Human populations require water in order to survive, grow, and evolve.
  • Water is a finite resource and many countries are reaching their resource availability limits which will cause a problem soon.
  • Water resources can be managed sustainably if individuals and communities make changes locally
  • Water usage needs to be coordinated within natural processes and ensure that non-renewable sources of freshwater is used properly.
  • Education campaigns can increase local awareness of issues and encourage water conservation.
• Unsustainable use
  • Irrigation, industrialization and population increase all make demands on the supply of fresh water.
  • We are withdrawing water from underground aquifers at a greater rate than it can be replenished.
  • Demand for water from irrigators will continue to rise since irrigated farming provides the major share of agricultural production.
  • We waste water on agriculture which has damaged some aquatic ecosystems and has harmed recreational and commercial fishing.